It was found that the algorithms were successfully applied to various upper body shapes, which improved the reliability and accuracy of the algorithm. ![]() In the case of landmarks with significant differences, the algorithm was modified. The statistical differences between the scan-derived measurements and the SizeKorea measurements were compared, with an allowable tolerance of ISO 20685. To verify the accuracy of the algorithms on various body shapes, this study determined criteria for key body shape factors (BMI, neck slope, upper body slope, and shoulder slope) that influence each landmark position, classified them into body shape groups and sorted the scan samples for each body type using the 6th SizeKorea database. First, 15 landmarks were defined based on the morphological features of 3D body surfaces and clothing applications, from which automatic landmark extraction algorithms were developed. The aim of this study is to develop algorithms for automatic landmark extraction on women with various upper body types and body inclinations using the Grasshopper algorithm editor, which enables the user to interact with the 3D modeling interface. Keywords: architecture design digital fabrication construction industry additive construction additive manufacturing rapid prototyping 3D printing models prototypes ![]() Finally, challenges and promising directions for future work and research challenges are discussed. Moreover, the analysis differentiated two categories of 3D printing technologies based on the scale of the system, elaborating their peculiarities in terms of materials, methods, and applications. Further, content analysis of selected articles enabled coding cluster themes. Using bibliometric analysis, the research progress is summarized through the identified trend of the annual number of articles, prominent authors and co-authorship network, and key topics in the literature organized in three clusters. The review was performed using three major databases, and selected peer-reviewed journal articles published in the last ten-year period were included in quantitative and qualitative analyses. Therefore, this study aims to provide a systematic review of state-of-the-art research on 3D printing technologies in architectural design and construction. However, comprehensive reviews offering a holistic perspective on the effects of 3D printing technologies on architecture are limited. Understanding these technologies’ impact can help direct future research, innovate design and construction processes, and improve the education of future professionals. ![]() Digital fabrication pushes architecture into an unexpected new domain of previously unachievable complexity, detail, and materiality. The proliferation of digital technologies considerably changed the field of architecture. Challenges for educators were identified when fashion students were learning 3D modeling software however, the coursework resulted in increased interest and understanding of the students in 3D modeling and printing of more advanced fashion-related objects. During this coursework, the course instructor allowed for students to initiate their design and create the 3D objects on what they wanted. The coursework consisted of theoretical lectures including definition and application of 3D printing training of Rhino use methods of producing objects 3D modeling of creative objects and 3D printing practice. ![]() Rhinoceros (Rhino) and FINEBOT were used for 3D object design and printing, respectively. This case study focused on the importance of 3D printing in fashion design curricula and the way to strategically integrate this technology into the curriculum. This study aimed to provide (1) a general overview of 3DP in fashion and its integration in fashion education and (2) a pedagogical guidance to educators in the fashion discipline by presenting one case of 3D printing education in fashion design courses. However, its use in the fashion industry and education is still at the early stage. In the past 10 years, the use of 3D printing (3DP) has been increased in a number of industries.
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